The present study explores a novel approach for changing implicit attitudes toward drunk driving with behavioural training. Contrary to explicit attitudes, which people are consciously aware of and therefore can state, implicit attitudes are not necessarily consciously accessible; however, implicit attitudes also direct and affect behaviour. In order to combat problem behaviour such as drunk driving, it is, therefore, crucial to measure and target both types of attitudes. This randomised controlled study first measured implicit drunk driving attitudes. One week later, participants performed a behavioural training procedure, designed to influence implicit drunk driving attitudes, and a subsequent implicit drunk driving attitude test. We randomised young male participants into an experimental group that learned to avoid drunk driving stimuli and a control group performing a neutral version of the training setup. Results showed that behavioural training could change implicit drunk driving attitudes. However, contrary to expectations, the control group’s implicit attitudes also changed. We propose that drivers can hold both positive and negative drunk driving implicit attitudes, and a priming effect may have contributed to the results. We outline and discuss the results.
引用量:0发表时间:2019年
BackgroundUrban bike sharing systems (BSS) are currently gaining momentum worldwide. They are regarded as integrated elements of public transport systems and perfectly anticipate the societal trend of the sharing economy as well as healthy and sustainable urban lifestyles. While BSSs are already well established in large metropolises, such as Paris, London or New York City, large and midsized cities have made first experiences in the past few years or are currently in the phase of launching new systems.Purpose and methodsSystem metrics of BSSs are becoming increasingly available. However, cities and operators need information on the potentials of a BSS in a particular urban environment before investments are being made. In order to transfer existing knowledge and parameters to a specific urban setting, consider citizens’ preferences and to provide an evidence base for decision makers, we propose a spatial framework, which builds on spatial data and is implemented in geographic information systems (GIS).Case studyThe applicability of this spatially explicit approach is demonstrated in a case study from Salzburg (Austria). Besides the decision-critical information that is gained through spatial models and analyses, the integrative role of maps becomes obvious. They serve as intuitive, common reference for inputs, discussion and presentation of results and thus perfectly facilitate a multi-perspective planning process.
Resulting from the 21st UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris in 2015, the European Union’s (EU) current climate and energy objective is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, and transportation must play a vital role in achieving this target. Decarbonization is therefore one of the main challenges for the freight transport sector in Europe. Several measures are suggested to contribute to this goal, including clean vehicle technologies, optimising networks and modal shift. This paper focuses on the latter measure; specifically, we reveal the value of shift-share analysis as a method for assessing a freight modal shift’s contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction. The shift-share method is in fact a decomposition analysis that originated in the field of regional economics. However, it can also be applied in other fields, including transport economics. We have exploited this method’s broad applicability to develop a tool that can evaluate how rail and inland waterway transport perform in terms of their contributions to CO2 emission reduction due to a modal shift. In demonstrating the tool, we analyse the market for freight transport that has the Netherlands as an origin, destination or both, thereby distinguishing between five distance markets. The goal of this paper is to present and show the value of the tool. The tool can provide policy makers with background information about the changes in CO2 emissions of a freight transport modal shift that occurred in the past, which in turn can be helpful in devising future transport policies. A particular strength of the tool is that it can be used on any spatial scale - countries, regions, corridors, etc. In addition, the data requirements and computing complexity of the shift-share method is low.
国际铁路运输杂志
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RAIL TRANSPORTATION
欧洲交通研究综述
EUROPEAN TRANSPORT RESEARCH REVIEW
计算机辅助土木和基础设施工程
COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING