13.220.40 (Ignitability and burning behaviour of m 标准查询与下载

ASTM E681-04 化合物(蒸气和气体)易燃性浓度限值的标准试验方法

The LFL and UFL of gases and vapors define the range of flammable concentrations in air. Limits of flammability may be used to determine guidelines for the safe handling of volatile chemicals. They are used particularly in assessing ventilation requirements for the handling of gases and vapors. NFPA 69provides guidance for the practical use of flammability limit data, including the appropriate safety margins to use. Note 28212;For hydrocarbons, the break point between nonflammability and flammability occurs over a narrow concentration range at the lower flammability limit, but the break point is less distinct at the upper limit. For materials found to be non-reproducible per 13.1.1 that are likely to have large quenching distances and may be difficult to ignite, such as ammonia and certain halogenated hydrocarbon, the lower and upper limits of these materials may both be less distinct. That is, a wider range exists between flammable and nonflammable concentrations (see Annex A1). Note 38212;This method measures the LFL and UFL for upward (and partially outward) flame propagation. the limits for downward flame propagation are narrower.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the lower and upper concentration limits of flammability of chemicals having sufficient vapor pressure to form flammable mixtures in air at atmospheric pressure at the test temperature. This test method may be used to determine these limits in the presence of inert dilution gases. No oxidant stronger than air should be used. Note 18212;The lower flammability limit and upper flammability limit are also referred to as the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL), respectively.1.2 This test method is based on electrical ignition and visual observations of flame propagation. Users may experience problems if the flames are difficult to observe (for example, irregular propagation or insufficient luminescence in the visible spectrum), if the test material requires large ignition energy, or if the material has large quenching distances.1.3 provides a modified test method for materials (such as certain amines, halogenated materials, and the like) with large quenching distances which may be difficult to ignite.1.4 In other situations where strong ignition sources (such as direct flame ignition) is considered credible, the use of a test method employing higher energy ignition source in a sufficiently large pressure chamber (analogous, for example, to the methods in Test Method E 2079 for measuring limiting oxygen concentration) may be more appropriate. In this case, expert advice may be necessary.1.5 The flammability limits depend on the test temperature and pressure. This test method is limited to an initial pressure of the local ambient or less, with a practical lower pressure limit of approximately 13 kPa (100 mm Hg). The maximum practical operating temperature of this equipment is approximately 150176;C (302176;F).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.7 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address......

Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)

ASTM E1474-04 用小型耗氧热量计测定装饰家具和床垫部件或组件的放热率的标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiant heat flux of 35 kW/m 2. Heat release data at different heating fluxes may also be obtained by this test method. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E 1354.1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.1.5 This test method should be used to measure or describe the responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risks of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, the results of the test may be used as elements of a fire hazard assessment or a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E2102-04a 使用圆锥辐射加热器测量屏蔽的质量损失和易燃性的标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of measuring mass loss and ignitability, for screening purposes, from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This test method is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are those associated with mass loss from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, determined using thermopile measurements detailed in .1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are best used for comparisons between materials with some similarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no universal formula exists for calculation of heat release using mass loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in Test Method E 1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test methods permit measurements of added fire-test-response characteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly. 1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For additional limitations of this test method, see .1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also Section 7.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

ASTM D3874-04 用电热丝法测量材料着火性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is intended to differentiate, in a preliminary fashion, among materials with respect to their resistance to ignition because of their proximity to electrically-heated wires and other heat sources.1.2 This test method applies to molded or sheet materials available in thicknesses ranging from 0.25 to 6.4 mm (0.010 to 0.25 in.).1.3 This test method applies to materials that are rigid at normal room temperatures. That is, it applies to materials for which the specimen does not deform during preparation, especially during the wire-wrapping step described in . Examples of deformation that render this test method inapplicable include:1.3.1 Bowing, in either a transverse or a longitudinal direction, or twisting of the specimen, during the wire-wrapping step, to a degree visible to the eye.1.3.2 Visible indentation of the wrapped wire into the specimen.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)1.5 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.Note 18212;Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-20, differ in approach and in detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.

Standard Test Method for Ignition of Materials by Hot Wire Sources

ASTM E662-03e1 由固体材料产生的烟雾的比光密度标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, of assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test may be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM E662-03 由固体材料产生的烟雾的比光密度标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, of assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test may be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM F1514-03(2013) 用变色法测量弹性乙烯基地板材料热稳定性的标准试验方法

3.1 Resilient floor covering is made by fusing polymer materials under heat or pressure, or both, in various manufacturing and decorating processes. The polymer material may be compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and other ingredients for processibility and product performance characteristics. The formulation of the compound can be varied considerably depending on the desired performance characteristics and methods of processing. See Practice D794 for additional significance and use information. 3.1.1 Heat stability, which is resistance to discoloration from heat, is a basic requirement for processing and functional use. 3.1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring the amount of color change in flooring products when subjected to elevated temperatures over a period of time (functional use of the flooring product). 3.2 This test method is not intended to be a means of predicting the amount of color change that occurs during processing (manufacture). 3.3 This test method specifies that a sample is subjected to 158°F ± 2°F (70°C ± 1°C) for 7 days, and the color difference is measured by a spectrophotometer and expressed as ΔE* units.Note 1—It is the intent that this test method be used for testing heat stability performance properties to be referenced in resilient flooring specifications. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the resistance of resilient floor covering to color change from exposure to elevated temperature over a specified period of time. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Stability of Resilient Flooring by Color Change

ASTM D6194-03 材料的辉光线点燃标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the minimum temperature required to ignite insulating materials using a glowing heat source. In a preliminary fashion, this test method differentiates between the susceptibilities of different materials with respect to their resistance to ignition due to an electrically-heated source.1.2 This test method applies to molded or sheet materials available in thicknesses ranging from 0.25 to 6.4 mm.1.3 This test method is not valid for determining the ignition behavior of complete electrotechnical equipment, since the design of the electrotechnical product influences the heat transfer between adjacent parts.1.4 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.Note 18212;Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.

Standard Test Method for Glow-Wire Ignition of Materials

ASTM F1516-03 用热焊接法(推荐的)密封弹性地板产品接缝的标准实施规范

Seams in some resilient flooring are heat sealed to prevent openings from forming between cut edges and to prevent penetrations of dirt, liquids, etc., into the seams. Decorative appearances may also be achieved using contrasting heat weld thread (rod).1.1 This practice covers the instructions and precautions to be observed to ensure satisfactory performance of seams in resilient flooring sealed by the heat weld method.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See precaution information in 6.1.

Standard Practice for Sealing Seams of Resilient Flooring Products by the Heat Weld Method (when Recommended)

ASTM D3874-03 用电热丝法测量材料着火性的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method is intended to differentiate, in a preliminary fashion, among materials with respect to their resistance to ignition because of their proximity to electrically heated wires and other heat sources. 1.2 This test method applies to molded and sheet materials available in thicknesses of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) to 6.4 mm (0.25 in.). 1.3 This test method applies to materials that are rigid at normal room temperatures. That is, the specimen does not deform during preparation including especially the wire-wrapping step described in 8.1. Examples of deformation that render this test method inapplicable include: 1.3.1 Bowing, in either transverse or longitudinal directions, or twisting of the specimen during the wire-wrapping step to a degree visible to the eye. 1.3.2 Visible indentation of the wrapped wire into the edges of the specimen. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use . 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Ignition of Materials by Hot Wire Sources

ASTM E662-03e2 由固体材料产生的烟雾的比光密度标准试验方法

1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). 1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. 1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. 1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes. 1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, of assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test may be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials

ASTM D6113-03 用锥形量热计对电缆或光缆中绝缘材料的着火试验反应特性测定的标准试验方法

This test method is used to determine the heat release rate and a number of other fire-test-response characteristics as a result of exposing insulating materials contained in electrical or optical cables to a prescribed heating flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus. Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that is potentially useful for design of electrical or optical cables, and product development. Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product will not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest. The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method are affected by the thickness of the material used as test specimen, whether as a plaque or as coating on a wire or cable. The diameter of the wire or cable used will also affect the test results. A radiant exposure is used as an energy source for this test method. This type of source has been used for comparison with heat release rate and flame spread studies of insulating materials constructed into cables when burning in a vertical cable tray configuration (Test Methods D 5424 and D 5537) (2-9). No definitive relationships have been established. The value of heat release rate corresponding to the critical limit between propagating cable fires and non-propagating fires is not known. This test method does not determine the net heat of combustion. It has not been demonstrated that this test method is capable of predicting the response of electrical or optical fiber cables in a full scale fire. In particular, this test method does not address the self-extinguishing characteristics of the cables in a full scale fire.1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 Several fire-test-response characteristics, including the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, total heat released, effective heat of combustion, and specific extinction area; are measured or calculated by this test method at a constant radiant heating flux. For specific limitations see also 5.7 and Section 6.1.3 The tests are conducted by burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable test specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to radiant heat.1.4 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability or regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables

ASTM D6890-03 用等容室燃烧法测定柴油的着火延迟期和导出十六烷值(DCN)的试验方法

1.1 This automated laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oil, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of ASTM Specification D 975 grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517 and 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel blending components.1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injection into heated, compressed air. An equation converts an ignition delay determination to a derived cetane number (DCN).1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from 3.6 to 5.0 milliseconds (55.3 to 40.5 DCN). The combustion analyzer can measure shorter and longer ignition delays but precision may be affected.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber

ASTM F1514-03 用颜色变化测量弹性乙烯基塑料地板耐热性的标准试验方法

Resilient floor covering is made by fusing polymer materials under heat or pressure, or both, in various manufacturing and decorating processes. The polymer material may be compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and other ingredients for processibility and product performance characteristics. The formulation of the compound can be varied considerably depending on the desired performance characteristics and methods of processing. See Practice D 794 for additional significance and use information. 3.1.1 Heat stability, which is resistance to discoloration from heat, is a basic requirement for processing and functional use. 3.1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring the amount of color change in flooring products when subjected to elevated temperatures over a period of time (functional use of the flooring product). This test method is not intended to be a means of predicting the amount of color change that occurs during processing (manufacture). This test method specifies that a sample is subjected to 158°F ± 2°F (70°C ± 1°C) for 7 days, and the color difference is measured by a spectrophotometer and expressed as ΔE* units. Note 18212;It is the intent that this test method be used for testing heat stability performance properties to be referenced in resilient flooring specifications.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the resistance of resilient floor covering to color change from exposure to elevated temperature over a specified period of time.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Stability of Resilient Vinyl Flooring by Color Change

ASTM D92-02a 用克利夫兰得开杯测定闪点和着火点的方法

1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash and fire point of petroleum products by a manual Cleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus. Note 18212;The precisions for fire point were not determined in the current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter which is not commonly specified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flammability temperature may be desired. 1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum products with flash points above 79176; C (175176; F) and below 400176; C (752176; F) except fuel oils. Note 28212;This test method may occasionally be specified for the determination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of the flash points of fuel oils, use Test Method D 93. Test Method D 93 should also be used when it is desired to determine the possible presence of small, but significant concentrations of lower flash point substances which may escape detection by Test Method D 92. Test Method D 1310 can be employed if the flash point is known to be below 79176; C (175176; F). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.

Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester

ASTM G128-02e1 富氧系统中危险与风险控制的标准指南

The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks involved with the handling of oxygen, cautioning the reader about the limitations of present practices and technology and about common hazards that often are overlooked. It then provides an overview of the standards produced by ASTM Committee G-4 and their uses, as well as similar documents available from other knowledgeable sources. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices from this or other committees. The standards discussed here focus on reducing the hazards and risks associated with the use of oxygen. In general, they are not directly applicable to process reactors in which the deliberate reaction of materials with oxygen is sought, as in burners, bleachers, or bubblers. Other ASTM Committees and products (such as the CHETAH program5 ) and other outside groups are more pertinent for these. This guide is not intended as a specification to establish practices for the safe use of oxygen. The documents discussed here do not purport to contain all the information needed to design and operate an oxygen system safely. The control of oxygen hazards has not been reduced to handbook procedures, and the tactics for using oxygen are not unique. Rather, they require the application of sound technical judgement and experience. Oxygen users should obtain qualified technical expertise to design systems and operating practices to ensure the safe use of oxygen in their specific applications.1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G-4 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: "Are there any problems associated with my use of oxygen?" An introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. This hazard requires design considerations beyond those that apply to all systems, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief.1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G 63, G 88, Practice G 93, and Guide G 94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.Note 18212;This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G-4 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safetyand a related paper by Koch that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.Note 28212;ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.

Standard Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen Enriched Systems

ASTM D6113-02 使用锥形量热计对包含在电气或光缆中的绝缘材料的着火试验反应特性测定的标准试验方法

1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 Several fire-test-response characteristics, including the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, total heat released, effective heat of combustion, and specific extinction area; are measured or calculated by this test method at a constant radiant heating flux. For specific limitations see also 5.7 and Section 6.1.3 The tests are conducted by burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable test specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to radiant heat.1.4 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability or regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.

Standard Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables

ASTM D5425-02 制定电工技术产品着火危险评定标准用的标准指南

1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical products. For the purposes of this guide, products include materials, components, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

Standard Guide for Development of Fire Hazard Assessment Standards of Electrotechnical Products

ASTM D92-02b 用克利夫兰得开杯测定闪点和着火点的方法

1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash and fire point of petroleum products by a manual Cleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus. Note 18212;The precisions for fire point were not determined in the current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter which is not commonly specified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flammability temperature may be desired. 1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum products with flash points above 79176; C (175176; F) and below 400176; C (752176; F) except fuel oils. Note 28212;This test method may occasionally be specified for the determination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of the flash points of fuel oils, use Test Method D 93. Test Method D 93 should also be used when it is desired to determine the possible presence of small, but significant concentrations of lower flash point substances which may escape detection by Test Method D 92. Test Method D 1310 can be employed if the flash point is known to be below 79176; C (175176; F). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.

Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester

ASTM E1822-02a 叠板椅实物的着火试验方法

1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means of determining the burning behavior of stacking chairs used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when a stack of chairs is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well ventilated conditions.1.3 This test method is limited to stacked chairs.1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behavior following application of a specific ignition source, from ignition until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover under test conditions appears inevitable.1.5 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of stacked chairs under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See 5.11 for further information.1.6 The rate of heat release of the burning test specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.11.4 for further information.1.7 Other measurements are the production of light-obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases. See 5.11.5 for further information.1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photographic or video recordings.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.11 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see Practice E 380. The units given in parentheses are for information only.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs