17.140.01 (Acoustic measurements and noise abateme 标准查询与下载

ASTM E664/E664M-15 通过浸入法测量纵向超声波表观衰减的标准实践

5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment. 5.2 Several different modes of wave vibration can be propagated in solids. This practice is concerned with the attenuation associated with longitudinal waves introduced into the specimen by the immersion method. 5.3 This practice allows for the comparison of the apparent attenuations of geometrically similar specimens. 5.4 For the determination of apparent attenuation, the procedures described herein are valid only for measurements in the far field of the ultrasonic beam. 1.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the apparent attenuation of ultrasound in materials or components with flat, parallel surfaces using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detection equipment in which reflected indications are displayed in an A-scan presentation. 1.2 The measurement procedure is readily adaptable for the determination of relative attenuation between materials. For absolute (true) attenuation measurements, indicative of the intrinsic nature of the material, it is necessary to correct for specimen geometry, sound beam divergence, instrumentation, and procedural effects. These results can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment and techniques. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method

ASTM F1430/F1430M-15 具有补充负载处理附件的绝缘和非绝缘空中人员装置的声发射试验标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within an APD under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals. 5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure. 5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial device. 5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in APDs. 5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method. 1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with supplemental load handling attachments. 1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices with supplemental load handling attachments: 1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs, 1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and 1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2. 1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not cover any of the following equipment: 1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load handling attachments, 1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform, 1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and 1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located anywhere other than adjacent to the platform. Note 1: This test method ......

Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments

ASTM E1503-14 使用数字统计分析系统进行户外声测量的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method deals with methods and techniques which are well defined and which are understood by a trained acoustical professional. This test method has been prepared to provide a standard methodology which, when followed, will produce results which are consistent with requirements of government and industry, and which can be validated using information gathered and documented in the course of the measurement program. 4.2 There are numerous situations for which outdoor sound level data are required. These include, but are not limited to the following: 4.2.1 Documentation of sound levels before the introduction of a new sound source as a reference for assessment of the noise impact caused by a proposed facility and associated activities, 4.2.2 Comparison of sound levels with and without a specific source (for example, assessment of the impact of an existing source), and 4.2.3 Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits (for example, indication of exceedance of criteria or non-compliance with laws). 4.3 This test method provides a means for operating a sound analysis system which incorporates digital circuits for processing and storing sound level data, documenting conditions under which the measurements were performed, and reporting the results. 4.4 This test method provides the user with information to (1) perform and document statistical analysis of outdoor sound level over specific time periods at specified places, and (2) make and document the physical observations necessary to qualify the measurements. 4.5 This test method can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement method to collect acoustical data for many common situations. The data are collected in a format determined by the capabilities of the equipment, equipment operational options selected, and by post-processing options available. 4.6 The user is cautioned that there are many factors that can strongly influence the results obtained during measurement of outdoor sound levels and that this test method is not intended to supplant the experience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics. This test method is intended to facilitate communication between sound measurement professionals and individuals who are responsible for administering regulations, or are otherwise involved in decisions involving sound measurements. Measurements shall be performed only under the direction of people who are experienced in the measurement and analysis of outdoor sound, and who are thoroughly familiar with the use of the equipment and techniques involved. 4.7 This test method is only a measurement procedure and, as such, does not address the methods of comparison of the acquired data with specific criteria. No procedures are provided within this test method for estimating the influences of two or more simultaneously measured sounds. This test method can be used, with an appropriate plan, in establishing compliance when the measured data are below a specified limit, or conversely, establishing noncompliance when any of the data are above a specified limit. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of outdoor sound levels at specific lo......

Standard Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Measurements Using a Digital Statistical Sound Analysis System

ASTM F1430/F1430M-14 带附加荷载调节装置的航空人员隔热和非隔热设备声发射试验的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within an APD under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals. 5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure. 5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial device. 5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in APDs. 5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method. 1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with supplemental load handling attachments. 1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices with supplemental load handling attachments: 1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs, 1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and 1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2. 1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not cover any of the following equipment: 1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load handling attachments, 1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform, 1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and 1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located anywhere other than adjacent to the platform.Note 1—This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDT method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results. 1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection. (Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the t......

Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments

ASTM E1065/E1065M-14 评估超声波探测装置特性的标准指南

5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established. 5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units. 5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility. 5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user. 5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests. 5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like. 5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences. 5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice. 5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristics of the instrumentation. 5.10 The pulse generator used to obtain the frequency response and time response of the search unit must have a rise time, duration, and spectral content sufficient to excite the search unit over its full bandwidth, otherwise time distortion and erroneous results may result. 1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units. 1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers. 1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life. 1.4 Th......

Standard Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

ASTM E1179-13 测试开放式办公室部件和系统用声源的标准规范

1.1 This specification states the requirements for sound sources used for measuring the speech privacy between open offices and for measuring the laboratory performance of acoustical components (see Test Methods E1111 and E1130). 1.2 The sound source shall be a loudspeaker located in an enclosure driven with an appropriate test signal. 1.3 This specification describes the sound source and method of qualifying it using a special qualification signal. Test signals required by open office test methods may differ. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Sound Sources Used for Testing Open Office Components and Systems

ASTM E1781/E1781M-13 声发射传感器二级校准的标准实施规程

4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors. 1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor''s sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration). 1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

ASTM E1106-12 声发射传感器一级校准的标准实施规程

Transfer Standards8212;One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz. Note 18212;The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (8764;100 μs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this condition is problematical to prove. Applications Sensors8212;This test method may also be used for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than devices suitable for a transfer standard. The stated accuracy for such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and with less accuracy below 100 kHz.1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration). 1.2 Units8212;The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

ASTM E1139/E1139M-12 声发射连续监视金属压力极限的标准方法

Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, the system operating conditions provide the stimulation. During operation of the pressurized system, AE from active discontinuities such as cracks or from other acoustic sources such as leakage of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids can be detected by an instrumentation system using sensors mounted on the structure. The sensors are acoustically coupled to the surface of the structure by means of a couplant material or pressure on the interface between the sensing device and the structure. This facilitates the transmission of acoustic energy to the sensor. When the sensors are excited by acoustic emission energy, they transform the mechanical excitations into electrical signals. The signals from a detected AE source are electronically conditioned and processed to produce information relative to source location and other parameters needed for AE source characterization and evaluation. AE monitoring on a continuous basis is a currently available method for continuous surveillance of a structure to assess its continued integrity. The use of AE monitoring in this context is to identify the existence and location of AE sources. Also, information is provided to facilitate estimating the significance of the detected AE source relative to continued pressure system operation. Source location accuracy is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, by sensor coupling, and by signal processor settings. It is possible to measure AE and identify AE source locations of indications that cannot be detected by other NDT methods, due to factors related to methodological, material, or structural characteristics. In addition to immediate evaluation of the AE sources, a permanent record of the total data collected (AE plus pressure system parameters measured) provides an archival record which can be re-evaluated.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document. 1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources. 1.3 Units8212;The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries

ASTM E1932-12 小零件声发射检验的标准指南

The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load. The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity. Possible applications include the determination of part integrity, quality control assessment of production processes on a sampled or 100 % inspection basis, in-process examination during a period of applied load of a fabrication process (for example, spot welding, bonding, soldering, pressing, etc.), proof-testing after fabrication, monitoring a “region of interest” (or concern) of a structure (for example, bridge joint or repair, vessel, pipe), and re–examination after intervals of service.1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances. 1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load. 1.3 Possible applications of this guide includes materials characterization, quality control of production processes, proof testing after fabrication, evaluating regions of interest of larger structures and retesting after intervals of service. The applied load may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional) internal pressure and thermal gradients. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts

ASTM E1014-12 室外a加权声级测量的标准指南

There are numerous situations for which outdoor sound level data are required. These include, but are not limited to, the following: Documentation of sound levels before the introduction of a new sound source (for example, assessment of the impact due to a proposed use). Comparison of sound levels with and without a specific source (for example, assessment of the impact of an existing source). Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits (for example, indication of exceedence of criteria or non-compliance with laws). This guide provides a means for selecting measurement locations, operating a sound level meter, documenting the conditions under which the measurements were performed, and recording the results. This guide provides the user with information to (1) make and document the sound level measurements necessary to quantify relatively steady or slowly varying outdoor sound levels over a specific time period and at specific places and (2) make and document the physical observations necessary to qualify the measurements. The user is cautioned that there are many nonacoustical factors that can strongly influence the measurement of outdoor sound levels and that this guide is not intended to supplant the experience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics. The guide is not applicable when more sophisticated measurement methods or equipment are specified. This guide, depending as it does on simplified manual data acquisition, is necessarily more appropriate for the simpler types of environmental noise situations. As the number of sources and the range of sound levels increase, the more likely experienced specialists with sophisticated instruments are needed. This guide can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement method to collect acoustical data for many common situations. Criteria for evaluating or analyzing the data obtained are beyond the scope of this guide. Note that this guide is only a measurement procedure and, as such, does not address the methods of comparison of the acquired data with the specific criteria. No procedures are provided for estimating or separating the influences of two or more simultaneously measured sounds. This guide can be useful in establishing compliance when the measured data are below a specified limit. Section 8.2.1 outlines a procedure that can be used for a survey of the site boundary; paragraph 8.2.2 for a survey of specified monitoring points; and paragraph 8.2.3 for determining the location and magnitude of maximum sound level.1.1 This guide covers the measurement of A-weighted sound levels outdoors at specified locations or along particular site boundaries, using a general purpose sound-level meter. 1.2 Three distinct types of measurement surveys are described: 1.2.1 Survey around a site boundary, 1.2.2 Survey at a specified location, 1.2.3 Survey to find the maximum sound level at a specified distance from a source. 1.3 The data obtained using this guide are presented in the form of either time-average sound levels (abbreviation TAV and symbol LAT, also known as equivalent sound level or equivalent continuous sound level abbreviated LEQ and with symbol LAeqT ) or A-weighted percentile levels (symbol LX). 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prio......

Standard Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-Weighted Sound Levels

ASTM E650/E650M-12 安装压电声发射传感器的标准指南

The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors. 1.2 Units8212;The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

ASTM E1503-12 使用数字统计分析系统进行户外声测量的标准试验方法

This test method deals with methods and techniques which are well defined and which are understood by a trained acoustical professional. This test method has been prepared to provide a standard methodology which, when followed, will produce results which are consistent with requirements of government and industry, and which can be validated using information gathered and documented in the course of the measurement program. There are numerous situations for which outdoor sound level data are required. These include, but are not limited to the following: Documentation of sound levels before the introduction of a new sound source as a reference for assessment of the noise impact caused by a proposed facility and associated activities, Comparison of sound levels with and without a specific source (for example, assessment of the impact of an existing source), and Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits (for example, indication of exceedance of criteria or non-compliance with laws). This test method provides a means for operating a sound analysis system which incorporates digital circuits for processing and storing sound level data, documenting conditions under which the measurements were performed, and reporting the results. This test method provides the user with information to (1) perform and document statistical analysis of outdoor sound level over specific time periods at specified places, and (2) make and document the physical observations necessary to qualify the measurements. This test method can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement method to collect acoustical data for many common situations. The data are collected in a format determined by the capabilities of the equipment, equipment operational options selected, and by post-processing options available. The user is cautioned that there are many factors that can strongly influence the results obtained during measurement of outdoor sound levels and that this test method is not intended to supplant the experience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics. This test method is intended to facilitate communication between sound measurement professionals and individuals who are responsible for administering regulations, or are otherwise involved in decisions involving sound measurements. Measurements shall be performed only under the direction of people who are experienced in the measurement and analysis of outdoor sound, and who are thoroughly familiar with the use of the equipment and techniques involved. This test method is only a measurement procedure and, as such, does not address the methods of comparison of the acquired data with specific criteria. No procedures are provided within this test method for estimating the influences of two or more simultaneously measured sounds. This test method can be used, with an appropriate plan, in establishing compliance when the measured data are below a specified limit, or conversely, establishing noncompliance when any of the data are above a specified limit.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of outdoor sound levels at specific locations using a digital statistical sound analysis system and a formal measurement plan. 1.1.1 This test method provides basic requirements for obtaining either a single set of data or multiple sets of related data. However, because there are numerous circumstances and varied objectives requiring multiple sets of data, the test method does not address planning of the measurement program. 1.2 The use of results of measurements performed using this test method include, but are not limited to, the following: 1.2.1 To characterize the acoustical environment of a site, 1.2.2 To characterize the sound emissions of a ......

Standard Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Measurements Using a Digital Statistical Sound Analysis System

ASTM E1179-11 打开办公组件和系统测试用声源的标准规范

1.1 This specification states the requirements for sound sources used for measuring the speech privacy between open offices or for measuring the laboratory performance of acoustical components (see Test Methods E 1111 and E 1130).1.2 The sound source shall be a loudspeaker located in an enclosure driven with an appropriate test signal.1.3 This specification describes the sound source and method of qualifying it using a special qualification signal. Test signals required by open office test methods may differ.

Standard Specification for Sound Sources Used for Testing Open Office Components and Systems

ASTM E2191/E2191M-10 声发射法检验充气长纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器的标准实施规程

Due to safety considerations, the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) and others have produced guidelines which address in-service inspection of NGV fuel containers (see 2.2-2.4). AE examination is listed as an alternative to the minimum three-year visual examination which generally requires that the container be removed from the vehicle to expose the entire container surface. The AE method allows “in-situ” examination of the container. Slow-fill pressurization must proceed at flow rates that do not produce background noise from flow of the pressurizing medium. Acoustic emission data are recorded throughout a pressurization range (that is, 50 % to 100 % of AE examination pressure). Fast-fill pressurization can be used if hold periods are provided. Acoustic emission data are recorded only during the hold periods. Note 18212;Fast-fill pressurization is less appropriate for carbon (or graphite) composites due to the lower sensitivity of carbon fibers to stress rupture compared to other fibers. Background noise above the threshold will contaminate the AE data and render them useless. Users must be aware of the following common causes of background noise: high fill rate (measurable flow noise); mechanical contact with the vessel by objects; electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources; leaks at pipe or hose connections and airborne particles, insects, rain and snow. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled. 5.2 Sensitivity is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, sensor coupling and signal processor settings. 5.3 It is possible to measure AE from AE sources that cannot be verified by other NDE methods.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examination of filament-wound composite pressure vessels, for example, the type used for fuel tanks in vehicles which use natural gas fuel. 1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level equal to or greater than what is encountered in normal use. The tanks'' pressurization history must be known in order to use this practice. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid. 1.3 This practice is limited to vessels designed for less than 690 bar [10,000 psi] maximum allowable working pressure and water volume less than 1 m3 or 1000 L [35.4 ft3]. 1.4 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources. Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be used to gain additional insight into the emission source. Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this practice. 1.5 This practice applies to examination of new and in-service filament-wound composite pressure vessels. 1.6 This practice applies to examinations conducted at ambient temperatures above 20°C [70°F]. This practice may be used at ambient temperatures below 20°C [70°F] if provision has been made to fill to the tank''s rated pressure at 20°C [70°F]. 1.7 Units8212;The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.8

Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission

ASTM F1430/F1430M-10 带载荷调节装置的航空人员用隔音和非隔音装置的声发射检验的标准试验方法

This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within an APD under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals. This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure. This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial device. Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in APDs. Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with supplemental load handling attachments. 1.1.1 Equipment Covered8212;This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices with supplemental load handling attachments: 1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs, 1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and 1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2. 1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered8212;This test method does not cover any of the following equipment: 1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load handling attachments, 1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform, 1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and 1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located anywhere other than adjacent to the platform. Note 18212;This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDT method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results. 1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection. (Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle or components.) 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter......

Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments

ASTM E1065-08 评估超声波探测装置特性的标准指南

This guide is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established. These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units. Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility. The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this guide to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the guide may be used as determined by the user. The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests. While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like. Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the guide follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences. Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this guide. Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristics of the instrumentation. The pulse generator used to obtain the frequency response and time response of the search unit must have a rise time, duration, and spectral content sufficient to excite the search unit over its full bandwidth, otherwise time distortion and erroneous results may result.1.1 This guide covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “transducers”) that are used with ultrasonic examination instrumentation. This guide describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units. 1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers. 1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life. 1.4 The procedures in Annex A1-Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a guide for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all o......

Standard Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

ASTM E2191-08 采用声发射法检验充气式纤维缠绕复合压力容器的标准实施规程

p>Due to safety considerations, the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) and others have produced guidelines which address in-service inspection of NGV fuel containers (see 2.2-2.4). AE examination is listed as an alternative to the minimum three-year visual examination which generally requires that the container be removed from the vehicle to expose the entire container surface. The AE method allows “in-situ” examination of the container. Slow-fill pressurization must proceed at flow rates that do not produce background noise from flow of the pressurizing medium. Acoustic emission data are recorded throughout a pressurization range (that is, 50 % to 100 % of AE examination pressure). Fast-fill pressurization can be used if hold periods are provided. Acoustic emission data are recorded only during the hold periods. Note 18212;Fast-fill pressurization is less appropriate for carbon (or graphite) composites due to the lower sensitivity of carbon fibers to stress rupture compared to other fibers. Background noise above the threshold will contaminate the AE data and render them useless. Users must be aware of the following common causes of background noise: high fill rate (measurable flow noise); mechanical contact with the vessel by objects; electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources; leaks at pipe or hose connections and airborne particles, insects, rain and snow. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled. 5.2 Sensitivity is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, sensor coupling and signal processor settings. 5.3 It is possible to measure AE from AE sources that cannot be verified by other NDE methods.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examination of filament-wound composite pressure vessels, for example, the type used for fuel tanks in vehicles which use natural gas fuel. 1.2 This practice requires pressurization to a level equal to or greater than what is encountered in normal use. The tanks'' pressurization history must be known in order to use this practice. Pressurization medium may be gas or liquid. 1.3 This practice is limited to vessels designed for less than 5000 psi (340 bar) maximum allowable working pressure and water volume less than 2.5 ft3 (0.07 m3). 1.4 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources. Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be used to gain additional insight into the emission source. Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this practice. 1.5 This practice applies to examination of new and in-service filament-wound composite pressure vessels. 1.6 This practice applies to examinations conducted at ambient temperatures above 70°F (21°C). This practice may be used at ambient temperatures below 70°F if provision has been made to fill to the tank''s rated pressure at 70°F. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units which are in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission

ASTM E1130-08 使用声音清晰度指数在开放式空间对谈话保密性进行客观量度的标准试验方法

The speech privacy between locations in an open plan space is determined by the degree to which intruding speech sounds exceed the ambient sound pressure levels at the listener''s ear; a classic signal-to-noise ratio situation. The sound pressure levels at the listener''s ear from intruding speech depend upon: The individual vocal effort and orientation of the talker, The attenuation of speech signals due to distance or intervening barriers, and The reinforcement of speech signals due to reflections from surfaces such as the ceiling, furniture panels, light fixtures, walls, or windows. The ambient sound pressure levels will often be controlled to mask intruding speech. This is accomplished by means of a masking sound system. However, in certain positions and frequency ranges, heating, ventilating, or air conditioning equipment (HVAC) may contribute significantly to ambient sound pressure levels. The primary purpose of this test method is to measure the speech privacy for an average speech spectrum using the standard Articulation Index method. This requires measurement of the relevant acoustical characteristics discussed in 5.2 and 5.3 for a pair of locations and calculation of the Articulation Index using an average speech spectrum. The average speech spectrum is for male talkers speaking with normal voice effort. The Articulation Index ranges from 0.00, where speech is unintelligible, to 1.00, where all individual spoken words can be understood. Caution should be exercised in interpreting the numerical results of this test method. There is a need for further research to establish the relationship of Articulation Index to speech privacy. One purpose of this test method is to encourage the measurement of data and further research on this topic perhaps leading to development of well-documented speech privacy categories and criteria. This test method can be used to: Compare the relative privacy afforded between different locations within open plan spaces. Evaluate how changes in open plan components (barriers, furniture, ceilings, masking sound, or wall panels) affect speech privacy. Measure speech privacy objectively for correlation with subjective responses. This test method could be one element of a performance or acceptance test procedure. However, many additional items would need to be specified to use this test method for performance testing of an open plan environment, such as, the number of locations to be tested and method of selecting those locations, and the method of averaging the results. Specifying a numerical criterion in terms of the Articulation Index is also necessary for acceptance testing; however, the selection of such a criterion and permissible deviations should be undertaken with care in view of the present state-of-the-art as discussed in 5.5.1.1 This test method describes a means of measuring speech privacy objectively between locations in open plan spaces. This test method relies upon acoustical measurements, published information on speech levels, and standard methods for assessing speech communication. This test method does not measure the performance of individual open plan components which affect speech privacy; it measures the privacy which results from a particular configuration of components (1, 2). 1.2 This test method is intended to be a field test for the measurement of speech privacy in actual open plan spaces. However, this test method could be used in an environment arranged to simulate an open plan space. 1.3 This test method is suitable for use in many open plan spaces such as open plan offices, healthcare spaces, institutional spaces, schools, etc. It is not applicable for measuring the speech privacy between open plan and enclosed spaces or between fully enclo......

Standard Test Method for Objective Measurement of Speech Privacy in Open Plan Spaces Using Articulation Index

ASTM E1211-07 用表面安装的声辐射探测器作泄漏探测和定位的标准实施规程

Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor. With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage. This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E 1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E 1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors